Oxidative Stress-Activated NHE1 Is Involved in High Glucose-Induced Apoptosis in Renal Tubular Epithelial Cells

PURPOSE: Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is a prevalent chronic microvascular complication of diabetes mellitus involving disturbances in electrolytes and the acid-base balance caused by a disorder of glucose metabolism. NHE1 is a Na+/H+ exchanger responsible for keeping intracellular pH (pHi) balance and cell growth. Our study aimed to investigate roles of NHE1 in high glucose (HG)-induced apoptosis in renal tubular epithelial cells. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Renal epithelial tubular cell line HK-2 was cultured in medium containing 5 mM or 30 mM glucose. Then, cell apoptosis, oxidative stress, NHE1 expression, and pHi were evaluated. NHE1 siRNA and inhibitor were used to evaluate its role in cell apoptosis. RESULTS: HG significantly increased cell apoptosis and the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and 8-OHdG (p<0.05). Meanwhile, we found that HG induced the expression of NHE1 and increased the pHi from 7.0 to 7.6 after 48 h of incubation. However, inhibiting NHE1 using its specific siRNA or antagonist DMA markedly reduced cell apoptosis stimulated by HG. In addition, suppressing cellular oxidative stress using antioxidants, such as glutathione and N-acetyl cysteine, significantly reduced the production of ROS, accompanied by a decrease in NHE1. We also found that activated cyclic GMP-Dependent Protein Kinase Type I (PKG) signaling promoted the production of ROS, which contributed to the regulation of NHE1 functions. CONCLUSION: Our study indicated that HG activates PKG signaling and elevates the production of ROS, which was responsible for the induction of NHE1 expression and dysfunction, as well as subsequent cell apoptosis, in renal tubular epithelial cells.

Essential regulatory elements for NHE3 gene transcription in renal proximal tubule cells

The objectives of the present study were to identify the cis-elements of the promoter absolutely required for the efficient rat NHE3 gene transcription and to locate positive and negative regulatory elements in the 5’-flanking sequence (5’FS), which might modulate the gene expression in proximal tubules, and to compare this result to those reported for intestinal cell lines. We analyzed the promoter activity of different 5’FS segments of the rat NHE3 gene, in the OKP renal proximal tubule cell line by measuring the activity of the reporter gene luciferase. Because the segment spanning the first 157 bp of 5’FS was the most active it was studied in more detail by sequential deletions, point mutations, and gel shift assays. The essential elements for gene transcription are in the region -85 to -33, where we can identify consensual binding sites for Sp1 and EGR-1, which are relevant to NHE3 gene basal transcription. Although a low level of transcription is still possible when the first 25 bp of the 5’FS are used as promoter, efficient transcription only occurs with 44 bp of 5’FS. There are negative regulatory elements in the segments spanning -1196 to -889 and -467 to -152, and positive enhancers between -889 and -479 bp of 5’FS. Transcription factors in the OKP cell nuclear extract efficiently bound to DNA elements of rat NHE3 promoter as demonstrated by gel shift assays, suggesting a high level of similarity between transcription factors of both species, including Sp1 and EGR-1.

El intercambiador Na+/Ca2+ como responsable del atontamiento miocardio / The Na+/Ca2+ exchanger as responsible of myocardial stunning

Nuestro objetivo fue examinar la participación de los intercambiadores Na+/H+ (NHE) y Na+/Ca+2 (NCX) sobre las alteraciones sistólicas propias del atontamiento miocárdio. Se utilizó el modelo de corazón aislado isovolúmico de rata el cual fue sometido a 20 minutos de isquemia global (Is) y 30 minutos de perfusión (R). Este protocolo se repitió en prasencia de 1microM de HOE 642, bloqueante específico del NHE-1 y de KB-R7943, bloqueante del modo inverso del NCX (entrando Ca+2 y sacando Na de la célula) administrados antes de la Is, y/o en la R. En los controles isquémicos la contractilidad, evaluada a través de la +dP/dtmax se recuperó aproximadamente un 60 porciento. La recuperación postisquémica fue total cuando el bloqueo de NHE fue efectuado antes de la Is o al comienzo de la R y mejoró significativamente cuando en Is y R bloqueó el NCX ( 95 + o - 7 porciento). La contractura isquémica disminuyó com ambos tratamientos cuando fueron realizados previos a la Is. El aumento de la PDF observado en la R (24 + o - 6 y 12 + o - 2 mmHg) y por el bloqueo del NCX realizado durante Is y R (12 + o - 6 mmHg). Estos resultados indican que la activación del modo inverso del NCX secundaria a una activación del NHE (que incrementa el Na+ intracelular) durante la isquemia y reperfusión es el mecanismo culpable de la sobrecarga de Ca+2 involucrado en la disminuición de la contractilidad que caracteriza al miocardio atontado.

Functional roles of Na+/H+ exchanger isoforms in saliva secretion

No abstract available.

Functional roles of Na+/H+ exchanger isoforms in saliva secretion

No abstract available.

A novel Na+-dependent transporter and NHE3 mediate H+ efflux in the luminal membrane of the pancreatic duct: regulation by cAMP

No abstract available.

Effect of pH and sodium ions on intestinal uptake of lysine in rats.

Intestinal uptake of lysine in rats progressively decreased with an increase in pH from 5.2 to 8.5, both in the presence and absence of Na+ ions. At pH 5.2 lysine uptake was 30-35% more than that at neutral pH. Na+ activated lysine uptake by 40-50% at pH 5.2 and it was increased to 110-120% at neutral pH. The observed increase in lysine uptake in response to Na+ and H+ gradients was due to enhanced maximal velocity (Vmax), with little change in affinity constant (Kt). Arrhenius analysis revealed a biphasic curve for lysine uptake with transition temperature (Tc) around 20 degrees C (24 degrees C at pH 5.2 in presence of Na+). The energy of activation (Ea) below (16.1-23.4 Kcal/mole) and above (6.7-8.6 Kcal/mole) the Tc was similar at pH 5.2 and 7.0 both in the presence and absence of Na+ ions. The sensitivity of lysine uptake to various inhibitors was also dependent upon pH and Na+ ions.